Method of manufacturing an organic light-emitting device and an organic light-emitting device manufactured by using the same

ABSTRACT

A method of manufacturing an organic light-emitting device includes a heat treatment performed at a set or predetermined temperature range when forming a hole transport layer utilizing a solution process. When an emission layer is formed thereon utilizing a solution process, a mixed layer may be formed to a suitable thickness for improving hole injection into the emission layer. An organic light-emitting device may be manufactured utilizing the method.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean PatentApplication No. 10-2020-0024549, filed on Feb. 27, 2020, in the KoreanIntellectual Property Office, the entire content of which isincorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND 1. Field

One or more aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure relate to amethod of manufacturing an organic light-emitting device, and an organiclight-emitting device manufactured using (utilizing) the same.

2. Description of Related Art

Organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) are self-emission devices that,as compared with conventional devices, may have wide viewing angles,high contrast ratios, short response times, and/or excellentcharacteristics in terms of brightness, driving voltage, and/or responsespeed, and may produce full-color images.

An example OLED may include a first electrode on a substrate, and a holetransport region, an emission layer, an electron transport region, and asecond electrode sequentially stacked on the first electrode. Holesprovided from the first electrode may move toward the emission layerthrough the hole transport region, and electrons provided from thesecond electrode may move toward the emission layer through the electrontransport region. Carriers (such as holes and electrons) may recombinein the emission layer to produce excitons. These excitons may transitionfrom an excited state to a ground state to thereby generate light.

SUMMARY

When an organic layer in an organic light-emitting device is formedutilizing a solution process, the solvent from a solution applied toform an upper layer may dissolve a lower (e.g., earlier deposited)layer, thereby causing interfacial mixing between adjacent organiclayers, resulting in a decrease in luminescence efficiency and lifespanof the organic light-emitting device.

According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the efficiency andlifespan of an organic light-emitting device may be improved bycontrolling the properties of a mixed layer formed at the interfacebetween organic layers by controlling the heat treatment temperaturewhile forming an organic layer by the solution process.

One or more aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure aredirected toward a method of manufacturing an organic light-emittingdevice, in which a heat treatment is performed at a set or predeterminedtemperature while forming a hole transport layer utilizing a solutionprocess, and an organic light-emitting device manufactured by utilizingthe method.

Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description whichfollows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may belearned by practice of the presented embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

One or more example embodiments of the present disclosure provide amethod of manufacturing a light-emitting device, the method including:

forming a first electrode;

forming a hole transport layer on the first electrode;

forming an emission layer on the hole transport layer; and

forming a second electrode on the emission layer,

wherein the forming of the hole transport layer may include: coating acomposition for forming the hole transport layer on the first electrode,the composition for forming the hole transport layer including a holetransport material and a first solvent, and then heat-treating thecomposition for forming the hole transport layer on the first electrodeat a temperature of 185° C. to 210° C. to remove the first solventtherefrom,

the forming of the emission layer may include: coating a composition forforming the emission layer on the hole transport layer, the compositionfor forming the emission layer including a light-emitting material and asecond solvent, and then drying the composition for forming the emissionlayer to remove the second solvent therefrom, and

the organic light-emitting device may include a mixed layer, in whichthe hole transport material and the light-emitting material are mixedtogether, between the hole transport layer and the emission layer.

In one embodiment, the mixed layer may have a thickness of about 1 Å toabout 1000 Å.

In one embodiment, the hole transport material and the light-emittingmaterial may be mixed non-uniformly in the mixed layer.

In one embodiment, the solubility of the second solvent with respect tothe first solvent may be 20 wt % or less.

In one embodiment, the composition for forming the hole transport layermay include 0.001 wt % to 20 wt % of a hole transport material based onthe total weight of the composition for forming the hole transportlayer.

In one embodiment, the composition for forming the emission layer mayinclude 0.001 wt % to 20 wt % of a light-emitting material based on thetotal weight of the composition for forming the emission layer.

In one embodiment, the hole transport material may include acrosslinkable group, and the composition for forming the hole transportlayer may further include a cross-linking agent.

In one embodiment, the light-emitting material may include a host and adopant.

In one embodiment, the host may include at least one compound selectedfrom anthracene-based compounds, pyrene-based compounds, andspiro-bifluorene-based compounds.

In one embodiment, the dopant may include at least one selected from afluorescent dopant and a phosphorescent dopant.

In one embodiment, the coating of the hole transport layer and thecoating of the emission layer may each independently be performed byspin coating, slot coating, dip coating, bar coating, roll coating,gravure coating, micro-gravure coating, wire coating, spray coating,ink-jet printing, nozzle printing, screen printing, flexographicprinting, offset printing, or casting.

In one embodiment, forming of a hole injection layer may be furtherincluded between the tasks of the forming of the first electrode and theforming of the hole transport layer.

In one embodiment, forming of a hole injection layer may be furtherincluded between the tasks of the forming the first electrode and theforming of the hole transport layer, and the forming of the holeinjection layer may be performed utilizing a solution process.

In one embodiment, forming of at least one layer selected from a bufferlayer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electrontransport layer, and an electron injection layer may be further includedbetween the tasks of the forming of the emission layer and the formingof the second electrode.

In one embodiment, the method may further include forming an electrontransport layer on the emission layer, and forming an electron injectionlayer on the electron transport layer between the tasks of the formingthe of the emission layer and the forming of the second electrode,

wherein the forming of the electron transport layer and the forming ofthe electron injection layer may each independently be performed byvacuum deposition.

One or more example embodiments of the present disclosure provide anorganic light-emitting device manufactured utilizing the above-describedmanufacturing method.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of certainembodiments of the disclosure will be more apparent from the followingdescription taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, inwhich:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an organic light-emitting device accordingto an embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the thickness of a mixed layer and aGaussian distribution of a hole-electron recombination region, accordingto a heat treatment temperature after forming a hole transport layer;

FIG. 3 is a graph showing the J-V curve of the organic light-emittingdevices prepared according to Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4;and

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in more detail to embodiments, examples ofwhich are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein likereference numerals refer to like elements throughout and duplicativedescriptions thereof may not be provided. In this regard, the presentembodiments may have different forms and should not be construed asbeing limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, theembodiments are merely described below, by referring to the drawings, toexplain aspects of the present description. As utilized herein, the term“and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of theassociated listed items. Throughout the disclosure, the expression “atleast one of a, b or c” indicates only a, only b, only c, both a and b,both a and c, both b and c, all of a, b, and c, or variations thereof.

It will be understood that although the terms “first,” “second,” etc.may be utilized herein to describe various components, these componentsshould not be limited by these terms. These components are only utilizedto distinguish one component from another.

As utilized herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intendedto include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearlyindicates otherwise. Further, the use of “may” when describingembodiments of the present disclosure refers to “one or more embodimentsof the present disclosure”.

It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,”“comprises,” and/or “comprising” as utilized herein specify the presenceof stated features or components, but do not preclude the presence oraddition of one or more other features or components.

In the following embodiments, when various components such as layers,films, regions, plates, etc. are said to be “on” another component, thisincludes a case in which other components are “immediately on” thelayers, films, regions, or plates, and also a case in which othercomponents may be placed therebetween. The sizes and dimensions ofelements in the drawings may be exaggerated for convenience ofexplanation. For example, because sizes and thicknesses of components inthe drawings are arbitrarily illustrated for convenience of explanation,the following embodiments of the present disclosure are not limitedthereto.

A method of manufacturing an organic light-emitting device according toan embodiment includes:

forming a first electrode;

forming a hole transport layer on the first electrode;

forming an emission layer on the hole transport layer; and

forming a second electrode on the emission layer,

wherein the forming of the hole transport layer may include coating acomposition for forming the hole transport layer on the first electrode,the composition for forming the hole transport layer including a holetransport material and a first solvent, and then heat-treating thecomposition for forming the hole transport layer on the first electrodeat a temperature of about 185° C. to about 210° C. to remove the firstsolvent therefrom,

the forming of the emission layer may include coating a composition forforming the emission layer on the hole transport layer, the compositionfor forming the emission layer including a light-emitting material and asecond solvent, and then drying the composition for forming the emissionlayer to remove the second solvent therefrom, and

the organic light-emitting device may include a mixed layer, in whichthe hole transport material and the light-emitting material are mixedtogether, between the hole transport layer and the emission layer.

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emittingdevice 10 according to an embodiment. The organic light-emitting device10 includes a first electrode 110, an organic layer 150, and a secondelectrode 190. The organic layer 150 includes a hole transport layer151, a mixed layer 152 and an emission layer 153.

The first electrode 110 may be formed by, for example, depositing orsputtering a material for forming the first electrode on a substrate.The material for the first electrode will be described later.

According to one embodiment, the first electrode 110 may be an anode.

In a manufacturing method according to an embodiment, the hole transportlayer 151 and the emission layer 153 may each independently be formedutilizing a solution process.

The solution process in the present specification may include a coatingprocess for applying a composition for forming the organic layer and adrying process for removing a solvent from the composition for formingthe organic layer.

When respective layers of an organic light-emitting device are formed bya solution process (e.g., respective solution processes), there may be adesire to prevent or reduce dissolution or etching of a lower layer(e.g., an earlier formed layer) by a solvent of an upper layer (e.g.,while the upper layer is being formed on the lower layer). Accordingly,orthogonal solvents having controlled solubility (e.g., solvents havingdifferent solubility properties for different kinds or classes ofmaterials, such as a solvent that dissolves a material for forming anupper layer but not a material for forming a lower layer) may beutilized, or a crosslinkable polymer (e.g., a material or polymer thatbecomes insoluble or poorly soluble in commonly utilized organicsolvents) may be utilized for the lower layer.

In one embodiment, an orthogonal solvent (e.g., two or more orthogonalsolvents) may be utilized when the hole transport layer 151 and theemission layer 153 are respectively formed.

After coating the composition for forming the hole transport layer onthe first electrode 110, a heat treatment is performed thereon at about185° C. to about 210° C. to remove the first solvent, thereby formingthe hole transport layer 151.

The composition for forming the hole transport layer includes a holetransport material and a first solvent. The hole transport material andthe first solvent will be described later.

The coating of the composition for forming the hole transport layer maybe performed utilizing any suitable coating method available in the art.The coating method may be, for example, spin coating, slot coating, dipcoating, bar coating, roll coating, gravure coating, micro-gravurecoating, wire coating, spray coating, ink-jet printing, nozzle printing,screen printing, flexographic printing, offset printing, casting, and/orthe like.

In the task (e.g., process) of heat-treating the composition for formingthe hole transport layer, a solvent in the composition, e.g., the firstsolvent may be removed to form a solidified thin film.

Subsequently, the composition for forming the emission layer is coatedon the hole transport layer 151 and then dried to remove the secondsolvent, thereby forming the emission layer 153.

The coating of the composition for forming the emission layer may beperformed by utilizing any suitable coating method available in the art.The coating method may be, for example, spin coating, slot coating, dipcoating, bar coating, roll coating, gravure coating, micro-gravurecoating, wire coating, spray coating, ink-jet printing, nozzle printing,screen printing, flexographic printing, offset printing, casting, and/orthe like.

When the emission layer 153 is formed, utilizing a solution process, onthe hole transport layer 151, which is formed utilizing a solutionprocess, the solvent in the composition for forming the emission layermay dissolve a portion of the hole transport layer 151 so that the holetransport material may be mixed with the light-emitting material, thatis, interfacial mixing may occur (e.g., when the two materials are mixedin the same solution). Accordingly, the mixed layer 152, in which thehole transport material and the light-emitting material are mixedtogether, may be formed between the hole transport layer 151 and theemission layer 153.

When the heat treatment is performed at a temperature of about 185° C.to about 210° C. to remove a solvent while forming the hole transportlayer 151, when the emission layer 153 (which is an upper layer) isformed, the thickness of the mixed layer 152 formed at the interfacebetween the hole transport layer 151 and the emission layer 153 and theweight ratio of the hole transport material and the light-emittingmaterial in the mixed layer 152 may be appropriately or suitablycontrolled or reduced.

When the heat treatment temperature of the hole transport layer 151satisfies the above-described range, the organic light-emitting devicemanufactured according to an embodiment may effectively balance chargesin the emission layer 153. For example, when the heat treatmenttemperature is performed at about 185° C. to about 210° C. during theformation of the hole transport layer 151, the mixed layer 152 may beformed to such a thickness that injection and movement of holes from thehole transport layer 151 to the emission layer 153 is improved, and thetransport behavior of electrons injected into the emission layer 153 isnot affected. Therefore, the hole-electron recombination region in theemission layer 153 may be efficiently distributed. Therefore, theorganic light-emitting device 10 having the structure of hole transportlayer 151/mixed layer 152/emission layer 153 may balance charges in theemission layer 153, thereby improving luminescence efficiency andlifespan.

When the heat treatment temperature is less than about 185° C., thesolvent orthogonality of the first solvent and the second solvent may beinsufficient, so that the second solvent may dissolve a portion of thehole transport layer while the emission layer is being formed by thesolution coating method. In one embodiment, when a hole transport layeris formed of a crosslinkable polymer, unreacted monomers that are notcrosslinked may be present. Therefore, during the task of forming theupper layer, the unreacted monomers may be mixed with (e.g., bedissolved in) the organic solvent. Accordingly, excessive or unwantedinterfacial mixing of the hole transport layer and the emission layermay occur, and the mixed layer may have a large thickness. As a resultof this interfacial mixing, a suitable energy barrier between the holetransport layer and the emission layer collapses (e.g., the energybarrier between the hole transport layer and the emission layer may beinsufficiently large), and the charge balance in the emission layer maybe broken. In addition, when the hole transport material is mixed in theemission layer, charge scattering may occur inside the emission layer,and/or charge trapping may occur. Accordingly, the hole characteristicsof the emission layer become strong (e.g., the emission layer mayacquire predominantly hole-charged characteristics), and thus, therecombination region is distributed at (e.g., may occur closer to) theinterface of the emission layer toward the second electrode.

When the heat treatment temperature exceeds about 210° C., theorthogonality of the solvent between the first solvent and the secondsolvent is sufficient (e.g., may be increased), so that the interfacialmixing of a hole transport layer and an emission layer hardly occurs(e.g., may be suppressed or reduced) when the emission layer is formedby a solution coating method. In some embodiments, the hole transportlayer is formed utilizing a crosslinkable polymer, the amount ofunreacted monomers is reduced as the level of crosslinking increases,and interfacial mixing may be accordingly reduced. In this case, forexample, when the amount of unreacted monomers is substantially zero, anideal interface separation may occur between the emission layer and thehole transport layer, but the hole injection rate into the emissionlayer may be reduced, and the emission layer may have strongelectron-charged properties. Therefore, the recombination region may bedistributed at or closer to the interface of the emission layer and thefirst electrode, or may be distributed over the mixed layer.Accordingly, the luminescence efficiency and/or lifespan of the organiclight-emitting device may be reduced by exciton quenching.

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the thickness of the mixed layer and aGaussian distribution of the hole-electron recombination region in eachof various devices treated at different temperatures in the task offorming the hole transport layer. In one embodiment, the concentrationof hole-electron recombination in a light-emitting region of the organiclight-emitting device may be described by a Gaussian form(distribution). The organic light-emitting devices A, B and C aremanufactured in substantially the same manner, with corresponding layershaving the same compositions, except for the heat treatment temperaturein the task of forming the hole transport layer. The widths of the boxesin FIG. 2 illustrate the relative thicknesses of the anode, the holeinjection layer (HIL), the hole transport layer (HTL), the emissionlayer (EML), the electron transport layer (ETL), the electron transportlayer (ETL), and the electron injection layer (EIL), which are stackedsequentially on the anode in the organic light-emitting devices A, B,and C. In FIG. 2, the region indicated by a dotted line represents amixed layer region in which a hole transport material and alight-emitting material are mixed. In the case of an organiclight-emitting device (device A) in which a heat treatment process isperformed at a temperature of 230° C. when a hole transport layer isformed, interfacial mixing is limited and the thickness of the formedmixed layer is small. Accordingly, the electron characteristics of theemission layer may be strengthened or increased, and the recombinationregion in the emission layer may be positioned closed to the firstelectrode (anode). In this case, the driving characteristics of thedevice (such as luminescence efficiency and/or lifespan) may bedeteriorated by exciton quenching at the interface of the emissionlayer. As the heat treatment temperature for the formation of the holetransport layer is lowered, the thickness of the mixed layer (dottedregion) is increased. Accordingly, hole injection may be improved, andthe recombination region may therefore be shifted toward the secondelectrode (cathode), as shown by comparing Device A with Device B.However, when the heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 170°C. in forming the hole transport layer, a mixed layer of thecorresponding organic light-emitting device (device C) may be too thickand the charge balance may therefore be broken. Accordingly, ahigh-quality organic light-emitting device may not be achieved.

In an organic light-emitting device according to one embodiment, themixed layer 152 may be formed to a desired or suitable thickness byperforming a heat treatment process at a temperature of about 185° C. toabout 210° C. in the task of forming the hole transport layer 151, andaccordingly, a suitable charge balance may be achieved in the emissionlayer 153 and the efficiency may be improved. In addition, because therecombination region is limited to the emission layer 153, the excitonquenching occurring at the interface of the emission layer 153 may besuppressed, thereby improving efficiency and lifespan.

In one embodiment, the heat treatment of the composition for forming thehole transport layer may be performed at a temperature of about 190° C.to about 210° C., for example, about 195° C. to about 205° C.

In one embodiment, the heat treatment of the composition for forming thehole transport layer may be performed for about 5 minutes to about 60minutes, for example, about 30 minutes.

In one embodiment, the task of forming the hole transport layer may beperformed for about 1 minute to about 60 minutes. For example, theforming of the hole transport layer may be performed for about 25minutes to about 30 minutes. In one or more embodiments, the forming ofthe hole transport layer may be performed for about 80 seconds to about90 seconds. When the time for forming the hole transport layer 151 inthe task of forming the hole transport layer 151 by the solution processis controlled to be within the above-described range, the efficiencyand/or lifespan of the organic light-emitting device manufacturedaccording to an embodiment may be improved.

In one embodiment, the heat treatment in the task of forming the holetransport may be performed under atmospheric conditions or under reducedpressure.

In the case of reduced pressure, the pressure may be about 10⁻⁶ mbar toabout 1 bar, for example, about 10⁻⁶ mbar to about 10 mbar.

In one embodiment, the drying in the task of forming the emission layermay be performed under atmospheric condition or under reduced pressure.In the case of the reduced pressure, the pressure may be about 10⁻⁶ mbarto about 1 bar, for example, about 10⁻⁶ mbar to about 10 mbar.

In one embodiment, the mixed layer 152 may have a thickness of about 1 Åto about 1,000 Å, for example, about 3 Å to about 50 Å. When thethickness of the mixed layer 152 satisfies this range, the efficiency ofhole injection into the emission layer 153 is improved, and a suitablecharge balance may be achieved in the emission layer 153.

In one embodiment, the hole transport layer 151 may have a thickness ofabout 100 Å to about 1500 Å, for example, about 200 Å to about 400 Å.

In one embodiment, the emission layer 153 may have a thickness of about200 Å to about 800 Å, for example, about 300 Å to about 600 Å.

In one embodiment, the weight ratio of the hole transport material tothe light-emitting material in the mixed layer 152 may be from 1:9 to9:1.

In one embodiment, the mixed layer 152 may be in such a form that (e.g.,have a composition in which) the hole transport material and thelight-emitting material are non-uniformly mixed.

In one embodiment, after the coating of the composition for forming theemission layer, the drying is performed thereon for about 5 minutes toabout 60 minutes, for example, about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes toremove a solvent. The drying time depends on the characteristics of thedesired or suitable mixed layer. As the drying time is increased, thehole transport layer 151 and the emission layer 153 are allowed toactively mix for a longer period, and thus the thickness of the mixedlayer 152 is increased. When the drying time is controlled as describedabove, the efficiency of hole injection into the emission layer 153 maybe improved, and the charge balance may be made in the emission layer153.

In one embodiment, in the task of forming the emission layer, the dryingafter the coating of the composition for forming the emission layer maybe performed at a temperature of about 25° C. to about 100° C., forexample, about 25° C. to about 60° C. To obtain a substantially uniformemission layer, the drying in the task of forming the emission layer maybe performed at a relatively low temperature, for example, roomtemperature (about 25° C.), but embodiments of the present disclosureare not limited thereto.

The second electrode 190 may be formed on the emission layer 153. As amethod of forming the second electrode 190, a material for a secondelectrode may be provided by a deposition method or a sputtering method.The material for the second electrode will be described later.

In one embodiment, the second electrode 190 may be a cathode.

In one embodiment, the forming of a hole injection layer may be furtherincluded between the tasks of the forming of the first electrode and theforming of the hole transport layer. That is, the organic light-emittingdevice 10 manufactured according to one embodiment may further include ahole injection layer between the first electrode 110 and the holetransport layer 151. Materials for the hole injection layer and methodsof forming the same will be described later.

In one embodiment, the task of forming the hole injection layer may beperformed by a solution process, but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto. For example, a composition forforming the hole injection layer including a hole injection material anda solvent may be coated on the first electrode 110 and then the solventremoved therefrom to form a hole injection layer. In this regard, thesolvent utilized in the composition for forming the hole injection layerand the first solvent may be orthogonal solvents with respect to eachother.

In one embodiment, forming of at least one layer selected from a bufferlayer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electrontransport layer, and an electron injection layer may be further includedbetween the tasks of the forming of the emission layer and the formingof the second electrode. That is, the organic light-emitting device 10manufactured according to one embodiment may further include at leastone layer selected from a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, anelectron control layer, an electron transport layer, and an electroninjection layer, between the emission layer 153 and the second electrode190. The materials for each layer and methods of forming the same willbe described later.

In one embodiment, the method may further include forming an electrontransport layer on the emission layer 153, and forming an electroninjection layer on the electron transport layer between the tasks of theforming of the emission layer and the forming of the second electrode.For example, the organic light-emitting device 10 manufactured accordingto one embodiment may include an electron transport layer, an electroninjection layer, and the second electrode 190 on the emission layer 153in this stated order. The forming of the electron transport layer andthe forming of the electron injection layer may each be formed by vacuumdeposition, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limitedthereto.

Hereinafter, a composition for forming the hole transport layer and acomposition for forming the emission layer will be described.

The composition for forming the hole transport layer may include a holetransport material and a first solvent.

As the hole transport material, any compound that can be utilized in ahole transport region (as described below), may be utilized.

For example, the hole transport material may include an aryl amine.

The first solvent is not particularly limited as long as it is capableof dissolving the hole transport material. For example, the firstsolvent may be toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, diethylbenzene,mesitylene, propylbenzene, cyclohexylbenzene, dimethoxybenzene, anisole,ethoxytoluene, phenoxytoluene, isopropylbiphenyl, dimethylanisole,phenyl acetate, phenyl propionic acid, methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate,2-ethylnaphthalene, 2-ethylbiphenyl, or any combination thereof, butembodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one embodiment, the hole transport material may include acrosslinkable group, and the composition for forming the hole transportlayer may further include a cross-linking agent. The crosslinkable groupmay include a thermally crosslinkable functional group.

The hole transport material including the crosslinkable group may be athermally crosslinkable hole transport material. For example, thethermally crosslinkable hole transport material may be a compoundincluding at least one thermally crosslinkable functional group in thearyl amine-containing polymer or other low molecular weight unit.

The amount of the hole transport material in the composition for formingthe hole transport layer may be about 0.001 wt % to about 20 wt %, forexample, about 0.1 wt % to 10 wt % based on the total weight of thecomposition for forming the hole transport layer, but embodiments of thepresent disclosure are not limited thereto. When the range is satisfied,coatability (e.g., the ease of coating the hole transport material) maybe improved.

The composition for forming the emission layer may include alight-emitting material and a second solvent.

The light-emitting material may include a host and a dopant.

In one embodiment, the host may include at least one compound selectedfrom anthracene-based compounds, pyrene-based compounds, andspiro-bifluorene-based compounds.

In one embodiment, the host may be or include a compound that can beutilized in the emission layer (as described below).

In one embodiment, the dopant may include at least one selected from afluorescent dopant and a phosphorescent dopant. The dopant may be orinclude a compound that can be utilized in an emission layer (asdescribed below).

The second solvent is not limited as long as it is capable of dissolvingthe light-emitting material (e.g., for the emission layer). For example,the second solvent may be toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, diethylbenzene,mesitylene, propylbenzene, cyclohexylbenzene, dimethoxybenzene, anisole,ethoxytoluene, phenoxytoluene, isopropylbiphenyl, diisopropylbiphenyl,dimethylanisole, phenyl acetate, phenyl propionic acid, methyl benzoate,ethyl benzoate, ethyl methyl benzoate, or any combination thereof, butembodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The amount of the light-emitting material in the composition for formingthe emission layer may be about 0.001 wt % to about 20 wt %, forexample, about 0.1 wt % to 10 wt % based on the total weight of thecomposition for forming the emission layer, but embodiments of thepresent disclosure are not limited thereto. When the range is satisfied,coatability may be improved.

The solubility (solubility capacity) of the second solvent with respectto the first solvent may be 20 wt % or less (e.g., the capacity orability of the second solvent to dissolve a given material, such as thatutilized to form the hole transport layer or a lower layer, may be lowerthan that of the first solvent, and for example, may dissolve only 20 wt% or less of that material compared to 100 wt % dissolved by the firstsolvent), but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limitedthereto. For example, the first solvent and the second solvent maysubstantially be orthogonal solvents, but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto.

Hereinafter, a structure of the organic light-emitting device 10 and amethod of forming each layer will be described with reference to FIG. 1.

First Electrode 110

In FIG. 1, a substrate may be located under the first electrode 110and/or above the second electrode 190. The substrate may be a glasssubstrate and/or a plastic substrate, each having excellent mechanicalstrength, thermal stability, transparency, surface smoothness, ease ofhandling, and/or water resistance.

The first electrode 110 may be formed by, for example, depositing orsputtering a material for forming the first electrode on the substrate.When the first electrode 110 is an anode, the material for the firstelectrode may be selected from materials with a high work function tofacilitate hole injection.

The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, asemi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the firstelectrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, the material for forming afirst electrode may be selected from indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zincoxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO₂), zinc oxide (ZnO), and any combinationthereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limitedthereto. In one or more embodiments, when the first electrode 110 is asemi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, the material forforming the first electrode may be selected from magnesium (Mg), silver(Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca),magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), and any combinationthereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limitedthereto.

The first electrode 110 may have a single-layered structure or amulti-layered structure including two or more layers. For example, thefirst electrode 110 may have a three-layered structure of ITO/Ag/ITO,but the structure of the first electrode 110 is not limited thereto.

The hole transport layer 151, the mixed layer 152, and the emissionlayer 153 may be sequentially stacked on the first electrode 110.

In some embodiments, the organic light-emitting device 10 may furtherinclude a hole transport region between the first electrode 110 and theemission layer 153 and an electron transport region between the emissionlayer 153 and the second electrode 190.

Hole Transport Region

The organic layers located between the first electrode 110 and theemission layer 153 may be collectively referred to as a hole transportregion.

The hole transport region may have: i) a single-layered structureincluding a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including aplurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structurehaving a plurality of layers including a plurality of differentmaterials.

The hole transport region includes the hole transport layer 151 and themixed layer 152.

In some embodiments, the hole transport region may further include ahole injection layer between the first electrode 110 and the holetransport layer 151.

In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may have themulti-layered structure of hole injection layer/hole transportlayer/mixed layer or hole transport layer/mixed layer, which layers aresequentially stacked in each stated order from the first electrode 110.

The hole transport region may include at least one selected fromm-MTDATA, TDATA, 2-TNATA, NPB(NPD), β-NPB, TPD, Spiro-TPD, Spiro-NPB,methylated-NPB, TAPC, HMTPD, 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine(TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA),poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS),polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA), polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS), a compound represented by Formula 201, and acompound represented by Formula 202:

In Formulae 201 and 202,

L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₄ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

L₂₀₅ may be selected from *—O—*′, *—S—′, *—N(Q₂₀₁)-*′, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₂₀ alkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xa1 to xa4 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 3,

xa5 may be an integer from 1 to 10, and

R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ and Q₂₀₁ may each independently be selected from asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

For example, in Formula 202, R₂₀₁ and R₂₀₂ may optionally be linked toeach other via a single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or adiphenyl-methylene group, and R₂₀₃ and R₂₀₄ may optionally be linked toeach other via a single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or adiphenyl-methylene group.

In one embodiment, in Formulae 201 and 202,

L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₅ may each independently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, anaphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, anindacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a phenanthrenylenegroup, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, atriphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, anaphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylene group, apentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, arubicenylene group, a coronenylene group, an ovalenylene group, athiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, anindolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, abenzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, adibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, adibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, and apyridinylene group; and

a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, anaphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, anindacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a phenanthrenylenegroup, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, atriphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, anaphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylene group, apentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, arubicenylene group, a coronenylene group, an ovalenylene group, athiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, anindolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, abenzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, adibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, adibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, and apyridinylene group, each substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl groupsubstituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with—F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenylgroup, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group,a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, athiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group,an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinylgroup, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃) and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In one or more embodiments, xa1 to xa4 may each independently be 0, 1,or 2.

In one or more embodiments, xa5 may be 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In one or more embodiments, R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ and Q₂₀₁ may each independentlybe selected from: a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, apentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group,a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group,a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, athiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group,an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and apyridinyl group; and

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group,an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenylgroup, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenylgroup, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group,a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, achrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenylgroup, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, arubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenylgroup, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, anisoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and apyridinyl group, each substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl groupsubstituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with—F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenylgroup, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group,a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, athiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group,an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinylgroup, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃) and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be the same as describedabove.

In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₃ inFormula 201 may each independently be selected from:

a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group; and

a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substitutedwith at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, acyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, acyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkylgroup, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, a fluorenylgroup, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranylgroup, and a dibenzothiophenyl group,

but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula 202, i) R₂₀₁ and R₂₀₂ may belinked to each other via a single bond, and/or ii) R₂₀₃ and R₂₀₄ may belinked to each other via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ in Formula 202 may be selectedfrom:

a carbazolyl group; and

a carbazolyl group substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl groupsubstituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with—F, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, acarbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group,

but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 maybe represented by Formula 201A:

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 maybe represented by Formula 201A(1), but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto:

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 maybe represented by Formula 201A-1, but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto:

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 202 maybe represented by Formula 202A:

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 202 maybe represented by Formula 202A-1:

In Formulae 201A, 201A(1), 201A-1, 202A, and 202A-1,

L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₃, xa1 to xa3, xa5, and R₂₀₂ to R₂₀₄ may each independentlybe the same as described above,

R₂₁₁ and R₂₁₂ may each independently be the same as described inconnection with R₂₀₃, and

R₂₁₃ to R₂₁₇ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl groupsubstituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with—F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenylgroup, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group,a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, athiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group,an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and apyridinyl group.

The hole transport region may include at least one compound selectedfrom compounds HT1 to HT39, but compounds included in the hole transportregion are not limited thereto:

A thickness of the hole transport region may be about 100 Å to about10,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. When the holetransport region includes a hole injection layer, the thickness of thehole injection layer may be about 100 Å to about 9000 Å, for example,about 100 Å to about 1000 Å. The thickness of the hole transport layer151 may be about 100 Å to about 1500 Å, for example, about 200 Å toabout 400 Å. When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the holeinjection layer and the hole transport layer are within these ranges,satisfactory hole transporting characteristics may be obtained without asubstantial increase in driving voltage.

p-Dopant

The hole transport region may further include, in addition to thesematerials, a charge-generation material for the improvement ofconductive properties. The charge-generation material may besubstantially homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in the holetransport region.

The charge-generation material may be, for example, a p-dopant.

In one embodiment, the p-dopant may have a lowest unoccupied molecularorbital (LUMO) energy level of −3.5 eV or less.

The p-dopant may include at least one selected from a quinonederivative, a metal oxide, and a cyano group-containing compound, butembodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one embodiment, the p-dopant may include at least one selected from:

a quinone derivative, such as tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) andF4-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ);

a metal oxide, such as tungsten oxide or molybdenum oxide;

1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN); and

a compound represented by Formula 221,

but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

In Formula 221,

R₂₂₁ to R₂₂₃ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and at least one selectedfrom R₂₂₁ to R₂₂₃ may have at least one substituent selected from acyano group, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with —F,a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with —Cl, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl groupsubstituted with —Br, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with —I.

Emission Layer 153 in Organic Layer 150

When the organic light-emitting device 10 is a full-color organiclight-emitting device, the emission layer may be patterned into a redemission layer, a green emission layer, and/or a blue emission layer,according to a sub-pixel. In one or more embodiments, the emission layermay have a stacked structure of two or more layers selected from a redemission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer, inwhich the two or more layers may contact each other or may be separatedfrom each other. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer mayinclude two or more materials selected from a red light-emittingmaterial, a green light-emitting material, and a blue light-emittingmaterial, in which the two or more materials are mixed with each otherin a single layer to emit white light.

The emission layer may include a host and a dopant. The dopant mayinclude at least one selected from a phosphorescent dopant and afluorescent dopant.

An amount of a dopant in the emission layer may be, based on about 100parts by weight of the host, about 0.01 to about 15 parts by weight, butembodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The thickness of the emission layer may be about 200 Å to about 800 Å,for example, about 300 Å to about 600 Å. When the thickness of theemission layer is within this range, excellent light-emissioncharacteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase indriving voltage.

Host of Emission Layer 153

In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound representedby Formula 301:[Ar₃₀₁]_(xb11)-[(L₃₀₁)_(xb1)-R₃₀₁])_(xb21).  Formula 301

In Formula 301,

Ar₃₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group ora substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

xb11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

L₃₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xb1 may be an integer from 0 to 5,

R₃₀₁ may be selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group,a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, ahydrazono group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, asubstituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedheteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂)(Q₃₀₃), —N(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂),—B(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), and

xb21 may be an integer from 1 to 5,

wherein Q₃₀₁ to Q₃₀₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, and a naphthyl group, but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto.

In one embodiment, Ar₃₀₁ in Formula 301 may be selected from:

a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, abenzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, aphenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, atriphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacenegroup, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, anindenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophenegroup; and

a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, abenzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, aphenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, atriphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacenegroup, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, anindenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophenegroup, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F,—Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidinogroup, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, aC₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenylgroup, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),—C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, and a naphthyl group, but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto.

When xb11 in Formula 301 is two or more, the two or more Ar₃₀₁(s) may belinked via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 301 maybe represented by one of Formula 301-1 or Formula 301-2:

In Formulae 301-1 and 301-2

A₃₀₁ to A₃₀₄ may each independently be selected from a benzene ring, anaphthalene ring, a phenanthrene ring, a fluoranthene ring, atriphenylene ring, a pyrene ring, a chrysene ring, a pyridine ring, apyrimidine ring, an indene ring, a fluorene ring, a spiro-bifluorenering, a benzofluorene ring, a dibenzofluorene ring, an indole ring, acarbazole ring, a benzocarbazole ring, a dibenzocarbazole ring, a furanring, a benzofuran ring, a dibenzofuran ring, a naphthofuran ring, abenzonaphthofuran ring, a dinaphthofuran ring, a thiophene ring, abenzothiophene ring, a dibenzothiophene ring, a naphthothiophene ring, abenzonaphthothiophene ring, and a dinaphthothiophene ring,

X₃₀₁ may be O, S, or N-[(L₃₀₄)_(xb4)-R₃₀₄],

R₃₁₁ to R₃₁₄ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, a naphthyl group —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),—B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

xb22 and xb23 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2,

L₃₀₁, xb1, R₃₀₁ and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be the same asdescribed above,

L₃₀₂ to L₃₀₄ may each independently be the same as described inconnection with L₃₀₁,

xb2 to xb4 may each independently be the same as described in connectionwith xb1, and

R₃₀₂ to R₃₀₄ may each independently be the same as described inconnection with R₃₀₁.

For example, L₃₀₁ to L₃₀₄ in Formulae 301, 301-1, and 301-2 may eachindependently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, apyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, anoxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, anoxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, apyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, anisoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylenegroup, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, aquinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylenegroup, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, aphenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylenegroup, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, atriazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group,an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group; and

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, apyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, anoxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, anoxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, apyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, anisoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylenegroup, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, aquinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylenegroup, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, aphenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylenegroup, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, atriazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group,an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group, eachsubstituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, anaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, abenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group,an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenylgroup, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, afuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolylgroup, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranylgroup, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, adibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, animidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolylgroup, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, anoxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinylgroup, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, abenzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, aquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, aphenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, aphenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, abenzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, atetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinylgroup, an azacarbazolyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),—B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be the same as describedabove.

In one embodiment, R₃₀₁ to R₃₀₄ in Formulae 301, 301-1, and 301-2 mayeach independently be selected from:

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group; and

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenylgroup, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenylgroup, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, aperylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, anindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolylgroup, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be the same as describedabove.

In one or more embodiments, the host may include an alkaline earth metalcomplex. For example, the host may be selected from a Be complex (forexample, Compound H55) and an Mg complex. In some embodiments, the hostmay be a Zn complex.

The host may include at least one selected from9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN),2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN),9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)-2-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN),4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-di-9-carbazolylbenzene(mCP), 1,3,5-tri(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP), and Compounds H1 to H55,but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

Phosphorescent Dopant Included in the Emission Layer 153

The phosphorescent dopant may include an organometallic complexrepresented by Formula 401:

In Formulae 401 and 402,

M may be selected from iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd),osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu),terbium (Tb), rhodium (Rh), and thulium (Tm),

L₄₀₁ may be a ligand represented by Formula 402, and xc1 may be 1, 2, or3, wherein when xc1 is two or more, two or more L₄₀₁(s) may be identicalto or different from each other,

L₄₀₂ may be an organic ligand, and xc2 may be an integer from 0 to 4,wherein when xc2 may be two or more, two or more L₄₀₂(s) may beidentical to or different from each other,

X₄₀₁ to X₄₀₄ may each independently be nitrogen or carbon,

X₄₀₁ and X₄₀₃ may be linked via a single bond or a double bond, and X₄₀₂and X₄₀₄ may be linked via a single bond or a double bond,

A₄₀₁ and A₄₀₂ may each independently be a C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group or aC₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

X₄₀₅ may be a single bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—N(Q₄₁₁)- *′,*—C(Q₄₁₁)(Q₄₁₂)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)═C(Q₄₁₂)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)=*′, or *═C(Q₄₁₁)=*′,wherein Q₄₁₁ and Q₄₁₂ may be hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group,a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenylgroup, or a naphthyl group,

X₄₀₆ may be a single bond, O, or S,

R₄₀₁ and R₄₀₂ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂)(Q₄₀₃),—N(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —B(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₄₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₄₀₁), and—P(═O)(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), and Q₄₀₁ to Q₄₀₃ may each independently be selectedfrom a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a C₆-C₂₀ aryl group,and a C₁-C₂₀ heteroaryl group,

xc11 and xc12 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 3, and

* and *′ in Formula 402 each indicate a binding site to an M in Formula401.

In one embodiment, A₄₀₁ and A₄₀₂ in Formula 402 may each independentlybe selected from a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group,a spiro-bifluorene group, an indene group, a pyrrole group, a thiophenegroup, a furan group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazolegroup, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, apyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazinegroup, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group,a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a carbazole group, abenzimidazole group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, anisobenzothiophene group, a benzoxazole group, an isobenzoxazole group, atriazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazinegroup, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophene group.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula 402, i) X₄₀₁ may be nitrogen andX₄₀₂ may be carbon, or ii) X₄₀₁ and X₄₀₂ may each be nitrogen at thesame time.

In one or more embodiments, R₄₀₁ and R₄₀₂ in Formula 402 may eachindependently be selected from:

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group,a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, aC₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, each substituted withat least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, acyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an adamantly group, a norbornanylgroup, and a norbornenyl group;

a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an adamantly group, anorbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, apyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinylgroup, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, aquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group;

a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an adamantly group, anorbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group a phenyl group, a biphenyl group,a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a pyridinylgroup, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, atriazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, aquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substitutedwith at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, acyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an adamantly group, a norbornanylgroup, a norbornenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a pyridinyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group,a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and adibenzothiophenyl group; and

—Si(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂)(Q₄₀₃), —N(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —B(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₄₀₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₄₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂),

wherein Q₄₀₁ to Q₄₀₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group,and a naphthyl group, but embodiments of the present disclosure are notlimited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, when xc1 in Formula 401 is two or more, twoA₄₀₁(s) in two or more L₄₀₁(s) may optionally be linked to each othervia X₄₀₇, which is a linking group, and two A₄₀₂(s) may optionally belinked to each other via X₄₀₈, which is a linking group (see CompoundsPD1 to PD4 and PD7). X₄₀₇ and X₄₀₈ may each independently be a singlebond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, —N(Q₄₁₃)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₃)(Q₄₁₄)-*′ or*—C(Q₄₁₃)═C(Q₄₁₄)-*′ (where Q₄₁₃ and Q₄₁₄ may each independently behydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, aphenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group),but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

L₄₀₂ in Formula 401 may be a monovalent, divalent, or trivalent organicligand. For example, L₄₀₂ may be selected from halogen, diketone (forexample, acetylacetonate), carboxylic acid (for example, picolinate),—C(═O), isonitrile, —CN, and phosphorus (for example, phosphine, orphosphite), but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limitedthereto.

In one or more embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may be selectedfrom, for example, Compounds PD1 to PD25, but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto:

Fluorescent Dopant in Emission Layer 153

The fluorescent dopant may include an arylamine compound or astyrylamine compound.

The fluorescent dopant may include a compound represented by Formula501:

In Formula 501,

Ar₅₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group ora substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

L₅₀₁ to L₅₀₃ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xd1 to xd3 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 3,

R₅₀₁ and R₅₀₂ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,and

xd4 may be an integer from 1 to 6.

In one embodiment, Ar₅₀₁ in Formula 501 may be selected from:

a naphthalene group, a heptalene group, a fluorene group, aspiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group,a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, afluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, apentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, and an indenophenanthrenegroup; and

a naphthalene group, a heptalene group, a fluorene group, aspiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group,a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, afluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, apentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, and an indenophenanthrenegroup, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F,—Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidinogroup, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, aC₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenylgroup, and a naphthyl group.

In one or more embodiments, L₅₀₁ to L₅₀₃ in Formula 501 may eachindependently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, and a pyridinylene group; and

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, and a pyridinylene group, each substituted withat least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, aphenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group.

In one or more embodiments, R₅₀₁ and R₅₀₂ in Formula 501 may eachindependently be selected from:

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group; and

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group, each substituted with atleast one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, acyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, ahydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenylgroup, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃),

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In one or more embodiments, xd4 in Formula 501 may be 2, but embodimentsof the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In some embodiments, for example, the fluorescent dopant may be selectedfrom Compounds FD1 to FD22:

In one or more embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may be selected fromthe following compounds, but embodiments of the present disclosure arenot limited thereto.

Electron Transport Region in Organic Layer 150

The electron transport region may have i) a single-layered structureincluding a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including aplurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structurehaving a plurality of layers including a plurality of differentmaterials.

The electron transport region may include at least one selected from abuffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, anelectron transport layer, and an electron injection layer, butembodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

For example, the electron transport region may have an electrontransport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole blockinglayer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, anelectron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layerstructure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injectionlayer structure, wherein the constituting layers of each structure aresequentially stacked from an emission layer. However, embodiments of thestructure of the electron transport region are not limited thereto.

The electron transport region (for example, a buffer layer, a holeblocking layer, an electron control layer, and/or an electron transportlayer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-freecompound containing at least one π electron-depleted nitrogen-containingring.

The term “π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring” refers to aC₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group having at least one *—N=*′ moiety as aring-forming moiety.

For example, the “π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring” may bei) a 5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic group having at least one*—N=*′ moiety, ii) a heteropolycyclic group in which two or more5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic groups each having at leastone *—N=*′ moiety are condensed with each other, or iii) aheteropolycyclic group in which at least one 5-membered to 7-memberedheteromonocyclic group having at least one *—N=*′ moiety, is condensedwith at least one C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group.

Non-limiting examples of the π electron-deficient nitrogen-containingring include an imidazole ring, a pyrazole ring, a thiazole ring, anisothiazole ring, an oxazole ring, an isoxazole ring, a pyridine ring, apyrazine ring, a pyrimidine ring, a pyridazine ring, an indazole ring, apurine ring, a quinoline ring, an isoquinoline ring, a benzoquinolinering, a phthalazine ring, a naphthyridine ring, a quinoxaline ring, aquinazoline ring, a cinnoline ring, a phenanthridine ring, an acridinering, a phenanthroline ring, a phenazine ring, a benzimidazole ring, anisobenzothiazole ring, a benzoxazole ring, an isobenzoxazole ring, atriazole ring, a tetrazole ring, an oxadiazole ring, a triazine ring, athiadiazole ring, an imidazopyridine ring, an imidazopyrimidine ring,and an azacarbazole ring, but are not limited thereto.

In some embodiments, for example, the electron transport region mayinclude a compound represented by Formula 601:[Ar₆₀₁]_(xe11)-[(L₆₀₁)_(xe1)-R₆₀₁]_(xe21).  Formula 601

In Formula 601,

Ar₆₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group ora substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

xe11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

L₆₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xe1 may be an integer from 0 to 5,

R₆₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromaticcondensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂)(Q₆₀₃), —C(═O)(Q₆₀₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂),

Q₆₀₁ to Q₆₀₃ may each independently be a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or anaphthyl group, and

xe21 may be an integer from 1 to 5.

In one embodiment, at least one of the xe11 Ar₆₀₁(s) and the xe21R₆₀₁(s) may include the π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing ring.

In one embodiment, ring Ar₆₀₁ in Formula 601 may be selected from:

a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, aspiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group,a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, afluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, apentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, adibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, an imidazole group, apyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazolegroup, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, apyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, an indazole group, a purine group,a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, aphthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, aquinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, anacridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, abenzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, anisobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazolegroup, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group,an imidazopyrimidine group, and an azacarbazole group; and

a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, aspiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group,a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, afluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, apentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, adibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, an imidazole group, apyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazolegroup, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, apyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, an indazole group, a purine group,a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, aphthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, aquinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, anacridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, abenzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, anisobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazolegroup, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group,an imidazopyrimidine group, and an azacarbazole group, each substitutedwith at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, aphenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group,—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

When xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or more, the two or more Ar₆₀₁(s) may belinked to each other via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, Ar₆₀₁ in Formula 601 may be an anthracenegroup.

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 601 maybe represented by Formula 601-1:

In Formula 601-1,

X₆₁₄ may be N or C(R₆₁₄), X₆₁₅ may be N or C(R₆₁₅), X₆₁₆ may be N orC(R₆₁₆), and at least one of X₆₁₄ to X₆₁₆ may be N,

L₆₁₁ to L₆₁₃ may each independently be the same as described inconnection with L₆₀₁,

xe611 to xe613 may each independently be the same as described inconnection with xe1,

R₆₁₁ to R₆₁₃ may each independently be the same as described inconnection with R₆₀₁, and

R₆₁₄ to R₆₁₆ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In one embodiment, L₆₀₁ and L₆₁₁ to L₆₁₃ in Formulae 601 and 601-1 mayeach independently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, apyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, anoxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, anoxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, apyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, anisoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylenegroup, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, aquinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylenegroup, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, aphenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylenegroup, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, atriazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group,an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group; and

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, apyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, anoxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, anoxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, apyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, anisoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylenegroup, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, aquinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylenegroup, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, aphenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylenegroup, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, atriazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group,an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group, eachsubstituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, anaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, abenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group,an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenylgroup, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, afuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolylgroup, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranylgroup, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, adibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, animidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolylgroup, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, anoxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinylgroup, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, abenzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, aquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, aphenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, aphenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, abenzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, atetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinylgroup, and an azacarbazolyl group,

but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae 601 and601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

In one or more embodiments, R₆₀₁ and R₆₁₁ to R₆₁₃ in Formulae 601 and601-1 may each independently be selected from:

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group;

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenylgroup, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenylgroup, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, aperylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, anindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group; and

—S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁) and —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂),

wherein Q₆₀₁ and Q₆₀₂ may each independently be the same as describedabove.

The electron transport region may include at least one compound selectedfrom Compounds ET1 to ET36, but embodiments of the present disclosureare not limited thereto:

In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include atleast one compound selected from2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP),4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq3, BAlq,3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole(TAZ), and NTAZ:

The thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, and theelectron control layer may each independently be about 20 Å to about1,000 Å, for example, about 30 Å to about 300 Å. When the thicknesses ofthe buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, and the electron controllayer are within these ranges, excellent hole blocking characteristicsor excellent electron control characteristics may be obtained without asubstantial increase in driving voltage.

A thickness of the electron transport layer may be about 100 Å to about1,000 Å, for example, about 150 Å to about 500 Å. When the thickness ofthe electron transport layer is within the range described above, theelectron transport layer may have satisfactory electron transportcharacteristics without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The electron transport region (for example, the electron transport layerin the electron transport region) may further include, in addition tothe materials described above, a metal-containing material.

The metal-containing material may include at least one selected from analkali metal complex and an alkaline earth-metal complex. The alkalimetal complex may include a metal ion selected from a lithium (Li) ion,a sodium (Na) ion, a potassium (K) ion, a rubidium (Rb) ion, and acesium (Cs) ion, and the alkaline earth-metal complex may include ametal ion selected from a beryllium (Be) ion, a magnesium (Mg) ion, acalcium (Ca) ion, a strontium (Sr) ion, and a barium (Ba) ion. A ligandcoordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or thealkaline earth-metal complex may be selected from a hydroxy quinoline, ahydroxy isoquinoline, a hydroxy benzoquinoline, a hydroxy acridine, ahydroxy phenanthridine, a hydroxy phenyloxazole, a hydroxyphenylthiazole, a hydroxy phenyloxadiazole, a hydroxy phenylthiadiazole,a hydroxy phenylpyridine, a hydroxy phenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, and acyclopentadiene, but embodiments of the present disclosure are notlimited thereto.

For example, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. TheLi complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (lithium quinolate,LiQ) or ET-D2:

The electron transport region may include an electron injection layerthat facilitates electron injection from the second electrode 190. Theelectron injection layer may directly contact the second electrode 190.

The electron injection layer may have i) a single-layered structureincluding a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including aplurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structurehaving a plurality of layers including a plurality of differentmaterials.

The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkalineearth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkalineearth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metalcomplex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, orany combination thereof.

The alkali metal may be selected from Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs. In oneembodiment, the alkali metal may be Li, Na, or Cs. In one or moreembodiments, the alkali metal may be Li or Cs, but embodiments of thepresent disclosure are not limited thereto.

The alkaline earth metal may be selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba.

The rare earth metal may be selected from scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y),cerium (Ce), terbium (Tb), ytterbium (Yb), and gadolinium (Gd).

The alkali metal compound, the alkaline earth-metal compound, and therare earth metal compound may be selected from oxides and halides (forexample, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, and/or iodides) of the alkalimetal, the alkaline earth-metal, and the rare earth metal.

The alkali metal compound may be selected from alkali metal oxides (suchas Li₂O, Cs₂O, and/or K₂O), and alkali metal halides (such as LiF, NaF,CsF, KF, LiI, Nal, CsI, and/or KI). In one embodiment, the alkali metalcompound may be selected from LiF, Li₂O, NaF, LiI, Nal, CsI, and KI, butembodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The alkaline earth-metal compound may be selected from alkalineearth-metal oxides (such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba_(x)Sr_(1-x)O (0<x<1),and/or Ba_(x)Ca_(1-x)O (0<x<1)).

In one embodiment, the alkaline earth-metal compound may be selectedfrom BaO, SrO, and CaO, but embodiments of the present disclosure arenot limited thereto.

The rare earth metal compound may be selected from YbF₃, ScF₃, Sc₂O₃,Y₂O₃, Ce₂O₃, GdF₃ and TbF₃. In one embodiment, the rare earth metalcompound may be selected from YbF₃, ScF₃, TbF₃, YbI₃, ScI₃, and TbI₃,but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rareearth metal complex may respectively include an alkali metal ion, analkaline earth-metal ion, and a rare earth metal ion as described above,and a ligand coordinated with a metal ion of the alkali metal complex,the alkaline earth-metal complex, or the rare earth metal complex may beselected from hydroxy quinoline, hydroxy isoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxy acridine, hydroxy phenanthridine, hydroxyphenyloxazole, hydroxy phenylthiazole, hydroxy diphenyloxadiazole,hydroxy diphenylthiadiazole, hydroxy phenylpyridine, hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine,phenanthroline, and cyclopentadiene, but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto.

The electron injection layer may include (e.g., consist of) an alkalimetal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metalcompound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound,an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earthmetal complex, or any combination thereof, as described above. In one ormore embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include anorganic material. When the electron injection layer further includes anorganic material, the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, rare earthmetal, alkali metal compound, alkaline earth-metal compound, rare earthmetal compound, alkali metal complex, alkaline earth-metal complex, rareearth metal complex, or combination thereof may be substantiallyhomogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in a matrix including theorganic material.

A thickness of the electron injection layer may be about 1 Å to about100 Å, for example, about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When the thickness of theelectron injection layer is within the range described above, theelectron injection layer may have satisfactory electron injectioncharacteristics without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

Second Electrode 190

The second electrode 190 may be located on the organic layer 150 or theelectron transport region as described above. The second electrode 190may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode, and in thisregard, the material for forming the second electrode 190 may beselected from a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound,and any combination thereof, each having a relatively low work function.

The second electrode 190 may include at least one selected from lithium(Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium(Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver(Mg—Ag), ITO, and IZO, but embodiments of the present disclosure are notlimited thereto. The second electrode 190 may be a transmissiveelectrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.

The second electrode 190 may have a single-layered structure or amulti-layered structure including two or more layers.

In some embodiments, the organic light-emitting device 10 may furtherinclude a first capping layer under the first electrode 110 and/or asecond capping layer above the second electrode 190.

Light generated in an emission layer 153 of the organic layer 150 of theorganic light-emitting device 10 may be directed toward the outsidethrough the first electrode 110 and the first capping layer, each ofwhich may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode,or light generated in an emission layer 153 of the organic layer 150 ofthe organic light-emitting device 10 may be directed toward the outsidethrough the second electrode 190 and the second capping layer, each ofwhich may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode.

The first capping layer and the second capping layer may increase theexternal luminescence efficiency of the device according to theprinciple of constructive interference.

The first capping layer and the second capping layer may eachindependently be an organic capping layer including an organic material,an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or acomposite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganicmaterial.

At least one selected from the first capping layer and the secondcapping layer may each independently include at least one materialselected from carbocyclic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, amine-basedcompounds, porphyrin derivatives, phthalocyanine derivatives,naphthalocyanine derivatives, alkali metal complexes, and alkalineearth-based complexes. The carbocyclic compound, the heterocycliccompound, and the amine-based compound may each independently beoptionally substituted with a substituent containing at least oneelement selected from O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, and I. In oneembodiment, at least one of the first capping layer and the secondcapping layer may each independently include an amine-based compound.

In one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer andthe second capping layer may each independently include a compoundrepresented by Formula 201 or a compound represented by Formula 202.

In one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer andthe second capping layer may each independently include a compoundselected from Compounds HT28 to HT33 and Compounds CP1 to CP5, butembodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

Hereinbefore, the organic light-emitting device has been described withreference to FIG. 1, but embodiments of the present disclosure are notlimited thereto.

The hole injection layer and the layers constituting the electrontransport region may be formed in a set or predetermined regionutilizing one or more suitable methods selected from vacuum deposition,spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, ink-jetprinting, laser-printing, and laser-induced thermal imaging.

When the hole injection layer and the layers constituting the electrontransport region are formed by vacuum deposition, the deposition may beperformed at a deposition temperature of about 100° C. to about 500° C.,a vacuum degree of about 10⁻⁸ torr to about 10⁻³ torr, and a depositionspeed of about 0.01 Å/sec to about 100 Å/sec depending on the materialto be included and the structure of a layer to be formed.

When the hole injection layer and the layers constituting the electrontransport region are formed by spin coating, the spin coating may beperformed at a coating speed of about 2,000 rpm to about 5,000 rpm andat a heat treatment temperature of about 80° C. to 200° C., depending onthe material to be included and the structure of a layer to be formed.

General Definition of Substituents

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group” as utilized herein refers to a linear orbranched aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon monovalent group having 1 to 60carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof include a methyl group,an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, atert-butyl group, a pentyl group, an isoamyl group, and a hexyl group.The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalentgroup having substantially the same structure as the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group” as utilized herein refers to ahydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in themiddle or at the terminus of the C₂-C₆₀ alkyl group, and non-limitingexamples thereof include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, and abutenyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkenylene group” as utilized hereinrefers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure asthe C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group” as utilized herein refers to ahydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in themiddle or at the terminus of the C₂-C₆₀ alkyl group, and non-limitingexamples thereof include an ethynyl group and a propynyl group. The term“C₂-C₆₀ alkynylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent grouphaving substantially the same structure as the C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalentgroup represented by —OA₁₀₁ (wherein A₁₀₁ is a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group), andnon-limiting examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group,and an isopropyloxy group.

The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group” as utilized herein refers to amonovalent saturated hydrocarbon monocyclic group having 3 to 10 carbonatoms, and non-limiting examples thereof include a cyclopropyl group, acyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and acycloheptyl group. The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group” as utilizedherein refers to a divalent group having substantially the samestructure as the C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group” as utilized herein refers to amonovalent monocyclic group having at least one heteroatom selected fromN, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom and 1 to 10 carbon atoms, andnon-limiting examples thereof include a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group,a tetrahydrofuranyl group, and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group. The term“C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group” as utilized herein refers to adivalent group having substantially the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group.

The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group” as utilized herein refers to amonovalent monocyclic group that has 3 to 10 carbon atoms, at least onecarbon-carbon double bond in the ring, and no aromaticity, andnon-limiting examples thereof include a cyclopentenyl group, acyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. The term “C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent grouphaving substantially the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylgroup.

The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group” as utilized herein refers toa monovalent monocyclic group that has at least one heteroatom selectedfrom N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, 1 to 10 carbon atoms,and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in its ring. Non-limitingexamples of the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group include a4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolylgroup, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, and a2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group. The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylenegroup” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group havingsubstantially the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₆-C₆₀ aryl group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalentgroup having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms,and the term “C₆-C₆₀ arylene group” as utilized herein refers to adivalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group include aphenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a phenanthrenylgroup, a pyrenyl group, and a chrysenyl group. When the C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup and the C₆-C₆₀ arylene group each include two or more rings, thetwo or more rings may be fused to each other.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group” as utilized herein refers to amonovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system that has at leastone heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom,in addition to 1 to 60 carbon atoms. The term “C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having acarbocyclic aromatic system that has at least one heteroatom selectedfrom N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, in addition to 1 to 60carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of the C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl groupinclude a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, apyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, and anisoquinolinyl group. When the C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group and the C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the two or morerings may be condensed with each other.

The term “C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group” as utilized herein refers to —OA₁₀₂(wherein A₁₀₂ is a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group), and the term “C₆-C₆₀ arylthiogroup” as utilized herein refers to —SA₁₀₃ (wherein A₁₀₃ is a C₆-C₆₀aryl group).

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” asutilized herein refers to a monovalent group having two or more ringscondensed with each other, only carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms (forexample, 8 to 60 carbon atoms), and no aromaticity in its entiremolecular structure. A non-limiting example of the monovalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group is a fluorenyl group. The term“divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as utilized hereinrefers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure asthe monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group.

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” asutilized herein refers to a monovalent group (for example, having 1 to60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other, atleast one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S, other than carbonatoms, as a ring-forming atom, and no aromaticity in its entiremolecular structure. A non-limiting example of the monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group is a carbazolyl group. Theterm “divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” asutilized herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the samestructure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclicgroup.

The term “C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group” as utilized herein refers to amonocyclic or polycyclic group that includes only carbon as aring-forming atom and consists of 5 to 60 carbon atoms. The C₅-C₆₀carbocyclic group may be an aromatic carbocyclic group or a non-aromaticcarbocyclic group. The C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group may be a ring (such asbenzene), a monovalent group (such as a phenyl group), or a divalentgroup (such as a phenylene group). In one or more embodiments, dependingon the number of substituents connected to the C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group,the C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group may be a trivalent group or a quadrivalentgroup.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group” as utilized herein refers to agroup having substantially the same structure as the C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclicgroup, except that at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P,and S is utilized in addition to carbon (for example, 1 to 60 carbonatoms) as a ring-forming atom.

In the present specification, at least one substituent of thesubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, thesubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylenegroup, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensedheteropolycyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, thesubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group,the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylgroup, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, the substitutedC₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylgroup, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxygroup, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedheteropolycyclic group may be selected from:

deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, and aC₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group,and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selectedfrom deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, anitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, aC₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,—Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂);

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group;

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, eachsubstituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃),—N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), and—P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂); and

—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently beselected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, acyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, ahydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, aC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a biphenylgroup, and a terphenyl group.

The term “Ph” as utilized herein refers to a phenyl group, the term “Me”as utilized herein refers to a methyl group, the term “Et” as utilizedherein refers to an ethyl group, the term “ter-Bu” or “But” as utilizedherein refers to a tert-butyl group, and the term “OMe” as utilizedherein refers to a methoxy group.

The term “biphenyl group” as utilized herein refers to “a phenyl groupsubstituted with a phenyl group”. For example, a “biphenyl group” is asubstituted phenyl group having a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group as a substituent.

The term “terphenyl group” as utilized herein refers to “a phenyl groupsubstituted with a biphenyl group”. For example, a “terphenyl group” isa substituted phenyl group having, as a substituent, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl groupsubstituted with a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group.

* and *′ as utilized herein, unless defined otherwise, each refer to abinding site to a neighbouring atom in a corresponding formula.

Hereinafter, an organic light-emitting device according to embodimentswill be described in more detail with reference to Synthesis Examplesand Examples. The wording “B was utilized instead of A” utilized indescribing Synthesis Examples refers to an identical molar equivalent ofB being utilized in place of A.

EXAMPLES Example 1

An ITO glass substrate (50×50 mm, 15 Ω/cm²), which is an organiclight-emitting device (OLED) glass (manufactured by Samsung-Corning)substrate, was subjected to ultrasonic cleaning utilizing distilledwater and isopropanol in sequence, followed by UV/ozone cleaning for 30minutes.

PEDOT: PSS was spin coated on the glass substrate with a transparentelectrode line attached thereon after the cleaning to form a film with athickness of 600 Å, and then baked at 200° C. for 30 minutes to form ahole injection layer.

4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenyl aminobiphenyl (NPB), which is a holetransport material, was dissolved at an amount of 3 wt % in a mixedsolvent including 2-ethylnaphthalene (v/v 71%) and 2-ethylbiphenyl (v/v28%) to prepare a composition for forming the hole transport layer. Thecomposition for forming the hole transport layer was spin coated on thehole injection layer to form a film, and then, baked at 200° C. for 30minutes to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 200 Å.

Host ADN and dopant FD19 (3 wt %), which are light-emitting materials,were dissolved in a mixed solvent including ethyl methyl benzoate (v/v82%) and diisopropyl biphenyl isomer mixture (v/v 18%) so that the totalconcentration of the light-emitting material was 3 wt %, thereby forminga composition for forming the emission layer. The composition forforming the emission layer was spin coated on the hole transport layerto form a film, and then, baked at a temperature of 140° C. for 10minutes to form an emission layer having a thickness of 350 Å.

The resultant glass substrate with the emission layer formed thereon wasmounted on a substrate holder of a vacuum deposition apparatus, andthen, Alq3 was vacuum-deposited on the emission layer to form anelectron transport layer having a thickness of 200 Å. LiF wasvacuum-deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electroninjection layer having a thickness of 10 Å, thereby completing of theformation of an electron transport region. Al was vacuum-deposited onthe electron transport region to form a cathode with a thickness of 1000Å, thereby completing the formation of an organic light-emitting device.

The equipment utilized for the deposition was a Suicel plus 200evaporator from Sunic Systems.

Comparative Examples 1 to 4

Organic light-emitting devices were manufactured utilizing the samemethod as in Example 1, except that, in forming the hole transportlayer, the baking was performed at a temperature of 140° C., 160° C.,180° C., or 235° C., respectively.

Evaluation Example 1

The driving voltage, current density, current efficiency, powerefficiency, and CIE color coordinate of the organic light-emittingdevices manufactured according to Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1to 4 were measured utilizing a Keithley SMU 236 and a luminance meterPR650, and the results are shown in Table 1. The lifespan (T₉₅) is aperiod of time taken until the luminance (@1000 nit) was reduced to 95%of initial luminance (100%) after an organic light-emitting device wasdriven.

TABLE 1 Driving Voltage Current Power Maximum emission Lifespan voltage@ 10 mA efficiency efficiency wavelength (LT₉₅) (V) (V) (cd/A) (lm/W)CIE_x CIE_y Cd/A/y (λmax) (nm) (hr) Example 1 6.7 6.55 2.4 1.1 0.1400.056 43.3 457 more than 1000 Comparative 8.8 5.24 0.4 0.1 0.158 0.1193.0 458 less than 1 Example 1 Comparative 8.9 5.11 0.4 0.1 0.158 0.1382.8 464 less than 1 Example 2 Comparative 6.7 5.92 1.7 0.8 0.139 0.07722.3 458 up to 100 Example 3 Comparative 7.3 7.04 1.9 0.8 0.142 0.05138.0 456 up to 300 Example 4

From Table 1, it can be seen that, compared to the organiclight-emitting devices of Comparative Examples 1 to 4, the organiclight-emitting device of Example 1 has improved luminescence (current)efficiency and power efficiency, and substantially improved lifespanproperties.

Evaluation Example 2

The current density-voltage (J-V) curves of the organic light-emittingdevices manufactured in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 weremeasured using a Keithley SMU 236, and the results are shown in FIG. 3.

As shown in FIG. 3, as the heat treatment temperature during formationof the hole transport layer is decreased, device current density at agiven (same) voltage tends to increase. Without being bound by thecorrectness of any theory or explanation, it is thought that as the heattreatment temperature is lowered, the thickness of the mixed layerbecomes thicker, such that the hole injection rate into the emissionlayer is increased.

An organic light-emitting device manufactured utilizing themanufacturing method according to embodiments of the present disclosuremay have high efficiency, high luminance, and/or long lifespan due toimproved charge balance in an emission layer. In addition, because themanufacturing method uses a solution process, it is advantageous tomanufacture a large-area organic light-emitting device, and themanufacturing costs may be reduced.

As utilized herein, the terms “substantially,” “about,” and similarterms are utilized as terms of approximation and not as terms of degree,and are intended to account for the inherent deviations in measured orcalculated values that would be recognized by those of ordinary skill inthe art.

Any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-rangesof the same numerical precision subsumed within the recited range. Forexample, a range of “1.0 to 10.0” is intended to include all subrangesbetween (and including) the recited minimum value of 1.0 and the recitedmaximum value of 10.0, that is, having a minimum value equal to orgreater than 1.0 and a maximum value equal to or less than 10.0, suchas, for example, 2.4 to 7.6. Any maximum numerical limitation recitedherein is intended to include all lower numerical limitations subsumedtherein and any minimum numerical limitation recited in thisspecification is intended to include all higher numerical limitationssubsumed therein. Accordingly, Applicant reserves the right to amendthis specification, including the claims, to expressly recite anysub-range subsumed within the ranges expressly recited herein.

It should be understood that the embodiments described herein should beconsidered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes oflimitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodimentshould typically be considered as being available for other similarfeatures or aspects in other embodiments. While one or more embodimentshave been described with reference to the drawings, it will beunderstood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes inform and details may be made therein without departing from the spiritand scope as defined by the following claims and equivalents thereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of manufacturing an organiclight-emitting device, the method comprising: forming a first electrode;forming a hole transport layer on the first electrode; forming anemission layer on the hole transport layer; and forming a secondelectrode on the emission layer, wherein the forming of the holetransport layer comprises: coating a composition for forming the holetransport layer on the first electrode, the composition for forming thehole transport layer including a hole transport material and a firstsolvent, and heat-treating the composition for forming the holetransport layer at a temperature of about 185° C. to about 210° C. toremove the first solvent therefrom, wherein the forming of the emissionlayer comprises: coating a composition for forming the emission layer onthe hole transport layer, the composition for forming the emission layerincluding a light-emitting material and a second solvent, and drying thecomposition for forming the emission layer to remove the second solventtherefrom, and wherein the organic light-emitting device comprises amixed layer, in which the hole transport material and the light-emittingmaterial are mixed together, between the hole transport layer and theemission layer.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the mixed layer has athickness of about 1 Å to about 1000 Å.
 3. The method of claim 1,wherein the hole transport layer has a thickness of about 100 Å to about1500 Å.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the emission layer has athickness of about 200 Å to about 800 Å.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein the hole transport material and the light-emitting material arenon-uniformly mixed in the mixed layer.
 6. The method of claim 1,wherein the second solvent has a solubility of 20 wt % or less withrespect to the first solvent having a solubility of 100 wt %.
 7. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the first solvent comprises toluene, xylene,ethylbenzene, diethylbenzene, mesitylene, propylbenzene,cyclohexylbenzene, dimethoxybenzene, anisole, ethoxytoluene,phenoxytoluene, isopropylbiphenyl, dimethylanisole, phenyl acetate,phenyl propionic acid, methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate,2-ethylnaphthalene, 2-ethylbiphenyl, or any combination thereof.
 8. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the second solvent comprises toluene, xylene,ethylbenzene, diethylbenzene, mesitylene, propylbenzene,cyclohexylbenzene, dimethoxybenzene, anisole, ethoxytoluene,phenoxytoluene, isopropylbiphenyl, diisopropylbiphenyl, dimethylanisole,phenyl acetate, phenyl propionic acid, methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate,ethyl methyl benzoate, or any combination thereof.
 9. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the composition for forming the hole transport layercomprises about 0.001 wt % to about 20 wt % of the hole transportmaterial based on the total weight of the composition for forming thehole transport layer.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the compositionfor forming the emission layer comprises about 0.001 wt % to about 20 wt% of the light-emitting material based on the total weight of thecomposition for forming the emission layer.
 11. The method of claim 1,wherein the hole transport material comprises a crosslinkable group, andthe composition for forming the hole transport layer further comprises across-linking agent.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein thelight-emitting material comprises a host and a dopant.
 13. The method ofclaim 12, wherein the host comprises at least one compound selected fromanthracene-based compounds, pyrene-based compounds, andspiro-bifluorene-based compounds.
 14. The method of claim 12, whereinthe dopant comprises at least one selected from a fluorescent dopant anda phosphorescent dopant.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the coatingof the hole transport layer and the coating of the emission layer areeach independently performed by spin coating, slot coating, dip coating,bar coating, roll coating, gravure coating, micro-gravure coating, wirecoating, spray coating, ink-jet printing, nozzle printing, screenprinting, flexographic printing, offset printing, or casting.
 16. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising forming a hole injection layerbetween the tasks of the forming of the first electrode and the formingof the hole transport layer.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein theforming of the hole injection layer is performed utilizing a solutionprocess.
 18. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming at leastone layer selected from a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, anelectron control layer, an electron transport layer, and an electroninjection layer between the tasks of the forming of the emission layerand the forming of the second electrode.
 19. The method of claim 1,further comprising forming an electron transport layer on the emissionlayer, and forming an electron injection layer on the electron transportlayer between the tasks of the forming of the emission layer and theforming of the second electrode, wherein the electron transport layerand the electron injection layer are each independently formed by vacuumdeposition.
 20. An organic light-emitting device manufactured utilizingthe method of claim 1.